1. Hybrid Clustering Protocol for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
J. VIDHYA[1], P. DANANJAYAN[2]
[1]Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, INDIA[2]Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, INDIApdananjayan@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
Wireless sensor network consist of sensor nodes linked by wireless medium to perform distributed sensing task. Energy is one of the most important factors in the design of routing protocols in wireless sensor network. The routing algorithm used features clustering method to diminish the amount of data transmission from energy efficiency perspective. However, clustering method results in high energy consumption at cluster head node. A dynamic clustering method, Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) results in high setup energy for electing the cluster heads. To minimize the energy consumption problem in setup process, Round- Robin cluster head (RRCH) method is used that sequentially selects the cluster head node by fixing the cluster using single setup process. This method does not adjust its behaviour when a node dies and would not be practical for any sort of dynamic network. Instead this paper suggests a hybrid routing method to minimize the energy consumption using dynamic scheme and reduces the setup energy consumption by selecting set of cluster heads called head-set for each cluster. On rotation basis, one member of a head-set is active and transmits the aggregated result to the distant base station. For the proposed hybrid clustering protocol the optimum number of clusters required for the network is determined. Simulation results of the hybrid method shows that the energy expended in the network can be reduced as the number of frames per round is increased compared to LEACH and RRCH protocol.
2. A Novel Image Processing Based Approach For Determining Size of Breast Tumors
SYED ABDAHEER.M. [1], EKRAM KHAN [2]
[1] Department of Electronics Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, U.P., INDIA
[2] Department of Electronics Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, U.P., INDIA
sss.viji @gmail.com[1], ekhan@lycos.com[2].
Abstract
In this work, we consider an image of tumor identified breast and we present a novel approach for analysis of the size of breast tumors by using Closed Circle Curvature Fitting method (CCCF). The tumor area of the image is first segmented for extracting tumors with the help of optimal threshold techniques. The segmented images undergo for morphological treatment to remove unwanted high frequency components present in the image. The edges are extracted from filtered images through Laplacian edge detection method. The polar coordinates are derived from the centroid value of edge extracted images. Radius and area of the circle are then calculated. Our next task is to fit this extracted images with circle for getting numerical details about tumors. The accuracy of the proposed method and details about tumor like area and size are obtained with the help of area matching method. By comparing with elliptical curvature fitting method, our proposed method has superiority in terms of zero single precision error, computing cost and consistency.
3. Features Preserved Medical Image Denoising Using Steered Complex Shrinkage Algorithm
M.VENU GOPALA RAO[1], S.VATHSAL[2]
[1] Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet, Guntur Dt. A.P., INDIA
Email: mvgr03@gmail.com
[2] Director, Dept. of Energy, VIT University, Vellore, T.N. INDIA
Email: svathsal@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper we propose a new wavelet domain, structure driven denoising technique called Steered Complex Shrinkage which preserves the edges, corners and orientation features and application to medical images. For this purpose we used an efficient steerable complex pyramidal wavelet transform that uses pairs of complex steerable orientation bandpass filters. These complex filters have been engineered into a multirate system, providing a synthesis and analysis sub band filtering system with good reconstruction properties. The performance of the proposed denoising algorithm is comparable with that of recently reported state-of-the-art denoising techniques using undecimated discrete wavelet transform with soft- shrinkage, and presents a very promising avenue for exploring structure based denoising in the wavelet domain.
4. Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Modulation of Data Spread OFDM with Power Control
RAKESH SHARMA[1], SURESH RANI[2], SACHIN DAHIYA[3]
[1] Software Engineer, Wipro Technologies, Bangalore, INDIA
[2] Lecturer, Kalpana Chawla Govt. Polytechnic For Women Ambala City, INDIA
[3] Asstt. Professor, BRCM College of Engineering & Technology, Bahal, INDIA
rakesh.sharma2@wipro.com[1],sureshrani252@rediffmail.com[2],Sachinnit@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
In OFDM it is possible to control its sub-carrier modulation scheme, transmission power and so on because each sub-carrier in the OFDM signal is orthogonally arranged and can be controlled independently. Therefore, many adaptive sub-carrier modulation schemes are proposed. However, when each sub-carrier is modulated by different modulation schemes, it is necessary to transmit allocation information of modulation schemes from the transmitter to receiver. This leads to degradation of transmission performance. In this paper, an adaptive modulation scheme for OFDM that makes possible less allocation information of modulation scheme from the transmitter to the receiver by using data spreading is discussed. Moreover, sub-carrier power control is combined in order to improve transmission performance further.
5. ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP ON THERMOHYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR AIR HEATER
THAKUR SANJAY KUMAR [1], N.S. THAKUR [2], VARUN [3] , ANOOP KUMAR [4]
[1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, BRCM College Of Engineering & Technology, Bahal, Bhiwani, INDIA.
[2,3,4] Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT. Hamirpur, INDIA.
thakurkmr@yahoo.co.in [1]
Abstract
Solar collectors are being used for thermal conversion to raise the temperature of fluid flowing through collector. The principal design factors affecting collector performance are those related to heat loss control and those involving the absorption of solar radiations. Conversion of solar radiations to thermal energy is mainly due to heat transfer coefficient between absorber plate and the fluid flowing in the collector. Convective heat transfer co-efficient between absorber plate and air in a flat plate solar air heater can be enhanced by providing the absorber plate with artificial roughness. The report presents a comparison of effective efficiency and the over all heat/flow performance (HFT) of solar air heaters with different types of artificially roughened surfaces.
6. DFT based implementation of spatial-to-frequency domain transformation of image using VHDL
CHANDAN KUMAR JHA [1], TRUPTI RANJAN LENKA [2]
[1][2] ECE, National Institute of Science and Technology, Orissa, INDIA
chandan_nl@yahoo.co[1], trlenka@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
In many applications of digital image processing, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) plays an important role including linear filtering, correlation analysis and spectrum analysis. The paper proposes a method of implementation of frequency domain analysis of an image (in spatial domain) using (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) VHDL. The frequency domain samples of the image are obtained by applying DFT on the pixel values extracted from the image. The DFT method is being implemented in VHDL. The paper also proposes technique for implementation of exponential factors through VHDL. The future scope of results and techniques involves implementation of image enhancement techniques on (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) FPGA in order to improve the interpretability or perception of information for human viewers, or to provide ‘better’ input for other automated image processing techniques.
7. Application of a Finite Element Method to find the Efficiency of Linear Induction Motor with Constant Voltage Feeding
Manpreet S Manna [1], Sanjay Marwaha [2] & H M Rai [3]
[1],[2] Department of Electrical & Instrumentation Engg., SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, INDIA.
[3] Department of ECE, BRCM College of Engg. & Technology, Bhiwani, Haryana, INDIA.
manpreetsinghmanna@yahoo.com[1],sanjay_marwaha@rediffmail.com[2], hmrai1943@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present a finite element model for a Linear Induction Motor, which allows us to estimate its efficiency, considering the winding space harmonics. This work is followed the strategy of research among rotary machines with Time Harmonic Finite Element (THFE) analysis of IMs with nonlinear materials. The base of all the studies was the three phase asymmetrical Induction Motor. This is justified by the inbuilt asymmetry characteristics of LIM that comes from building aspects. The electromagnetic analysis of LIM through Finite Element Analysis has been done to estimate the Efficiency of the Linear Induction Motor.
J. VIDHYA[1], P. DANANJAYAN[2]
[1]Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, INDIA[2]Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, INDIApdananjayan@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
Wireless sensor network consist of sensor nodes linked by wireless medium to perform distributed sensing task. Energy is one of the most important factors in the design of routing protocols in wireless sensor network. The routing algorithm used features clustering method to diminish the amount of data transmission from energy efficiency perspective. However, clustering method results in high energy consumption at cluster head node. A dynamic clustering method, Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) results in high setup energy for electing the cluster heads. To minimize the energy consumption problem in setup process, Round- Robin cluster head (RRCH) method is used that sequentially selects the cluster head node by fixing the cluster using single setup process. This method does not adjust its behaviour when a node dies and would not be practical for any sort of dynamic network. Instead this paper suggests a hybrid routing method to minimize the energy consumption using dynamic scheme and reduces the setup energy consumption by selecting set of cluster heads called head-set for each cluster. On rotation basis, one member of a head-set is active and transmits the aggregated result to the distant base station. For the proposed hybrid clustering protocol the optimum number of clusters required for the network is determined. Simulation results of the hybrid method shows that the energy expended in the network can be reduced as the number of frames per round is increased compared to LEACH and RRCH protocol.
2. A Novel Image Processing Based Approach For Determining Size of Breast Tumors
SYED ABDAHEER.M. [1], EKRAM KHAN [2]
[1] Department of Electronics Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, U.P., INDIA
[2] Department of Electronics Engineering, A.M.U., Aligarh, U.P., INDIA
sss.viji @gmail.com[1], ekhan@lycos.com[2].
Abstract
In this work, we consider an image of tumor identified breast and we present a novel approach for analysis of the size of breast tumors by using Closed Circle Curvature Fitting method (CCCF). The tumor area of the image is first segmented for extracting tumors with the help of optimal threshold techniques. The segmented images undergo for morphological treatment to remove unwanted high frequency components present in the image. The edges are extracted from filtered images through Laplacian edge detection method. The polar coordinates are derived from the centroid value of edge extracted images. Radius and area of the circle are then calculated. Our next task is to fit this extracted images with circle for getting numerical details about tumors. The accuracy of the proposed method and details about tumor like area and size are obtained with the help of area matching method. By comparing with elliptical curvature fitting method, our proposed method has superiority in terms of zero single precision error, computing cost and consistency.
3. Features Preserved Medical Image Denoising Using Steered Complex Shrinkage Algorithm
M.VENU GOPALA RAO[1], S.VATHSAL[2]
[1] Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet, Guntur Dt. A.P., INDIA
Email: mvgr03@gmail.com
[2] Director, Dept. of Energy, VIT University, Vellore, T.N. INDIA
Email: svathsal@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper we propose a new wavelet domain, structure driven denoising technique called Steered Complex Shrinkage which preserves the edges, corners and orientation features and application to medical images. For this purpose we used an efficient steerable complex pyramidal wavelet transform that uses pairs of complex steerable orientation bandpass filters. These complex filters have been engineered into a multirate system, providing a synthesis and analysis sub band filtering system with good reconstruction properties. The performance of the proposed denoising algorithm is comparable with that of recently reported state-of-the-art denoising techniques using undecimated discrete wavelet transform with soft- shrinkage, and presents a very promising avenue for exploring structure based denoising in the wavelet domain.
4. Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Modulation of Data Spread OFDM with Power Control
RAKESH SHARMA[1], SURESH RANI[2], SACHIN DAHIYA[3]
[1] Software Engineer, Wipro Technologies, Bangalore, INDIA
[2] Lecturer, Kalpana Chawla Govt. Polytechnic For Women Ambala City, INDIA
[3] Asstt. Professor, BRCM College of Engineering & Technology, Bahal, INDIA
rakesh.sharma2@wipro.com[1],sureshrani252@rediffmail.com[2],Sachinnit@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
In OFDM it is possible to control its sub-carrier modulation scheme, transmission power and so on because each sub-carrier in the OFDM signal is orthogonally arranged and can be controlled independently. Therefore, many adaptive sub-carrier modulation schemes are proposed. However, when each sub-carrier is modulated by different modulation schemes, it is necessary to transmit allocation information of modulation schemes from the transmitter to receiver. This leads to degradation of transmission performance. In this paper, an adaptive modulation scheme for OFDM that makes possible less allocation information of modulation scheme from the transmitter to the receiver by using data spreading is discussed. Moreover, sub-carrier power control is combined in order to improve transmission performance further.
5. ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP ON THERMOHYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR AIR HEATER
THAKUR SANJAY KUMAR [1], N.S. THAKUR [2], VARUN [3] , ANOOP KUMAR [4]
[1] Department of Mechanical Engineering, BRCM College Of Engineering & Technology, Bahal, Bhiwani, INDIA.
[2,3,4] Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT. Hamirpur, INDIA.
thakurkmr@yahoo.co.in [1]
Abstract
Solar collectors are being used for thermal conversion to raise the temperature of fluid flowing through collector. The principal design factors affecting collector performance are those related to heat loss control and those involving the absorption of solar radiations. Conversion of solar radiations to thermal energy is mainly due to heat transfer coefficient between absorber plate and the fluid flowing in the collector. Convective heat transfer co-efficient between absorber plate and air in a flat plate solar air heater can be enhanced by providing the absorber plate with artificial roughness. The report presents a comparison of effective efficiency and the over all heat/flow performance (HFT) of solar air heaters with different types of artificially roughened surfaces.
6. DFT based implementation of spatial-to-frequency domain transformation of image using VHDL
CHANDAN KUMAR JHA [1], TRUPTI RANJAN LENKA [2]
[1][2] ECE, National Institute of Science and Technology, Orissa, INDIA
chandan_nl@yahoo.co[1], trlenka@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
In many applications of digital image processing, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) plays an important role including linear filtering, correlation analysis and spectrum analysis. The paper proposes a method of implementation of frequency domain analysis of an image (in spatial domain) using (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) VHDL. The frequency domain samples of the image are obtained by applying DFT on the pixel values extracted from the image. The DFT method is being implemented in VHDL. The paper also proposes technique for implementation of exponential factors through VHDL. The future scope of results and techniques involves implementation of image enhancement techniques on (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) FPGA in order to improve the interpretability or perception of information for human viewers, or to provide ‘better’ input for other automated image processing techniques.
7. Application of a Finite Element Method to find the Efficiency of Linear Induction Motor with Constant Voltage Feeding
Manpreet S Manna [1], Sanjay Marwaha [2] & H M Rai [3]
[1],[2] Department of Electrical & Instrumentation Engg., SLIET, Longowal, Punjab, INDIA.
[3] Department of ECE, BRCM College of Engg. & Technology, Bhiwani, Haryana, INDIA.
manpreetsinghmanna@yahoo.com[1],sanjay_marwaha@rediffmail.com[2], hmrai1943@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present a finite element model for a Linear Induction Motor, which allows us to estimate its efficiency, considering the winding space harmonics. This work is followed the strategy of research among rotary machines with Time Harmonic Finite Element (THFE) analysis of IMs with nonlinear materials. The base of all the studies was the three phase asymmetrical Induction Motor. This is justified by the inbuilt asymmetry characteristics of LIM that comes from building aspects. The electromagnetic analysis of LIM through Finite Element Analysis has been done to estimate the Efficiency of the Linear Induction Motor.
8. Fuzzy Logic for Design of Air Quality Analyser
MANJEET [1], VIJAY PAL SINGH [2][1] Chemistry Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA[2] ECE Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIAmanjeetvijay@rediffmail.com[1] , vijaybrcm@rediffmail.com [2]
Abstract
The moment we step out of the house and are on the road we can actually see the air getting polluted; a cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a bus, car, or a scooter; smoke billowing from a factory chimney, fly ash generated by thermal power plants, and speeding cars causing dust to rise from the roads. Natural phenomena such as the eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a cigarette can also cause air pollution. When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog, acid rain, CFC's, and other forms of outdoor air pollution. But the air pollution also can exist inside homes and other buildings. Every year, the health of many people is affected by chemical substances present in the air within buildings. Pollution is an important issue being monitored and regulated in major industrial cities world over. Thus, air quality is one of the major environmental issues which depends upon introduction of the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
There is a great need to control the air pollution. For controlling the air pollution firstly we have to analyse the quality of air. To analyse the quality of air there are many parameters to be considered. In this paper, we have considered four parameters namely Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxides of Sulphur (Sox), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO).
9. FKBC based Intelligent Liquid Level Regulator
ASHWANI KUMAR DUBEY[1] AND DR. R. P. SINGH[2]
[1] Department of ECE, Applied College ofManagement and Engineering (ACME),
Mitrol, Palwal, Haryana, INDIA.
[2] Principal,Applied College of Management and Engineering (ACME),
Mitrol, Palwal, Haryana, INDIA.
dubey1ak@yahoo.co.in [1], ravindra10765@gmail.com [2]
Abstract
MANJEET [1], VIJAY PAL SINGH [2][1] Chemistry Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA[2] ECE Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIAmanjeetvijay@rediffmail.com[1] , vijaybrcm@rediffmail.com [2]
Abstract
The moment we step out of the house and are on the road we can actually see the air getting polluted; a cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a bus, car, or a scooter; smoke billowing from a factory chimney, fly ash generated by thermal power plants, and speeding cars causing dust to rise from the roads. Natural phenomena such as the eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a cigarette can also cause air pollution. When people think about air pollution, they usually think about smog, acid rain, CFC's, and other forms of outdoor air pollution. But the air pollution also can exist inside homes and other buildings. Every year, the health of many people is affected by chemical substances present in the air within buildings. Pollution is an important issue being monitored and regulated in major industrial cities world over. Thus, air quality is one of the major environmental issues which depends upon introduction of the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory disease. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
There is a great need to control the air pollution. For controlling the air pollution firstly we have to analyse the quality of air. To analyse the quality of air there are many parameters to be considered. In this paper, we have considered four parameters namely Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Oxides of Sulphur (Sox), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Carbon Mono-Oxide (CO).
9. FKBC based Intelligent Liquid Level Regulator
ASHWANI KUMAR DUBEY[1] AND DR. R. P. SINGH[2]
[1] Department of ECE, Applied College ofManagement and Engineering (ACME),
Mitrol, Palwal, Haryana, INDIA.
[2] Principal,Applied College of Management and Engineering (ACME),
Mitrol, Palwal, Haryana, INDIA.
dubey1ak@yahoo.co.in [1], ravindra10765@gmail.com [2]
Abstract
Fuzzy Logic is a paradigm for an alternative design methodology, which can be applied in developing both linear and non-linear systems for embedded control. By using fuzzy logic, designers can realize lower development costs, superior features, and better end product performance. Furthermore, products can be brought to market faster and more cost effectively. In this paper, the comparison of two design methodologies for a controller is illustrated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. One of them is conventional PID design methodology and another is Fuzzy Knowledge Based designing of controller. SIMULINK provides the user tools to build the process model according to the required specifications.
10. Design of CMOS Comparators for FLASH ADC
Dr.M.MADHAVILATHA [1] ,G.L.MADHUMATI[2], K.RAMA KOTESWARA RAO[3]
[1] ECE Deptt., Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
[2] ECM Deptt., PVPSIT,Kanuru, Vijayawada,JNTU, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
[3] ECE Deptt., DVRDHS & MIC, Kanchikacherla, JNTU, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
mlmakkena@yahoo.com[1], madhumati70@rediffmail.com[2], koneru_rama1@yahoo.com[3]
Abstract
The analog to digital converters is the key components in modern electronic systems. As the digital signal processing industry grows the ADC design becomes more and more challenging for researchers. In these days an ADC becomes a part of the system on chip instead of standalone circuit for data converters. This increases the requirements on ADC design concerning for example speed, power, area, resolution, noise etc. New techniques and methods are going to develop day by day to achieve high performance ADCs. Of all types of ADCs the flash ADC is not only famous for its data conversion rate but also it becomes the part of other types of ADC for example pipeline and multi bit Sigma Delta ADCs. The main problem with a flash ADC is its power consumption, which increases in number of bits. The performance limiting blocks in such ADCs are typically comparators. This paper presents the comparison of power consumption of different comparators used in flash ADCs with CMOS technology. The layout comparisons are also done.
11. Local Adaptive Bivariate Shrinkage Function for Medical Image Denoising
M.VENU GOPALA RAO[1], S.VATHSAL[2]
[1] Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet, Guntur Dt. A.P., INDIA.
Email: mvgr03@gmail.com
[2] Director, Dept. of Energy, VIT University, Vellore, T.N. INDIA.
Email: svathsal@gmail.com
Abstract
Dr.M.MADHAVILATHA [1] ,G.L.MADHUMATI[2], K.RAMA KOTESWARA RAO[3]
[1] ECE Deptt., Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
[2] ECM Deptt., PVPSIT,Kanuru, Vijayawada,JNTU, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
[3] ECE Deptt., DVRDHS & MIC, Kanchikacherla, JNTU, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA
mlmakkena@yahoo.com[1], madhumati70@rediffmail.com[2], koneru_rama1@yahoo.com[3]
Abstract
The analog to digital converters is the key components in modern electronic systems. As the digital signal processing industry grows the ADC design becomes more and more challenging for researchers. In these days an ADC becomes a part of the system on chip instead of standalone circuit for data converters. This increases the requirements on ADC design concerning for example speed, power, area, resolution, noise etc. New techniques and methods are going to develop day by day to achieve high performance ADCs. Of all types of ADCs the flash ADC is not only famous for its data conversion rate but also it becomes the part of other types of ADC for example pipeline and multi bit Sigma Delta ADCs. The main problem with a flash ADC is its power consumption, which increases in number of bits. The performance limiting blocks in such ADCs are typically comparators. This paper presents the comparison of power consumption of different comparators used in flash ADCs with CMOS technology. The layout comparisons are also done.
11. Local Adaptive Bivariate Shrinkage Function for Medical Image Denoising
M.VENU GOPALA RAO[1], S.VATHSAL[2]
[1] Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopet, Guntur Dt. A.P., INDIA.
Email: mvgr03@gmail.com
[2] Director, Dept. of Energy, VIT University, Vellore, T.N. INDIA.
Email: svathsal@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents an effective and low-complexity image denoising algorithm using the joint statistics of the wavelet coefficients of medical images. For this purpose a new heavy-tailed bivariate Laplacian probability density function (pdf) is proposed to model the statistics of wavelet coefficients, and a simple nonlinear threshold function (shrinkage function) is derived from the pdf using Bayesian estimation theory, in particular MAP estimator. This new rule maintains the simplicity, efficiency and intuition of soft thresholding approach and does not assume the independence of wavelet coefficients. The proposed algorithm implemented in both classical DWT and dual tree CWT and compared with the existing methods. The results show that our algorithm out performs in all aspects.
12. Analytical BER Computation for MC CDMA System wth Iterative HIC Receiver
L. NITHYANANDAN [1], P. DANANJAYAN [2]
[1] Department of E.C.E., Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, INDIA.
[2] Department of E.C.E., Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, INDIA.
nithipec@yahoo.co.in[1], pdananjayan@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
The existing mobile communication system suffer from problems like frequency selective fading and multi-path signals, multiple access interference due to imperfect non-orthogonal codes and narrow band interference due to coexisting systems. Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) technique can combat these problems efficiently owing to its inherent properties. The objective of this paper is to suggest an optimum receiver for the MC-CDMA system by computing the BER of different receivers. Since multi-user interference degrades the performance of the receiver, interference cancellation technique is to be incorporated in the receiver. As Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) is faster, less efficient and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) scheme is slow but efficient a Hybrid Interference Cancellation (HIC) scheme is arrived at combining the advantages of these two schemes. The hybrid scheme is simple, faster and reliable. The performance of the receiver is studied by comparing with the BER of a detector without interference cancellation. Improvements in performance of parallel interference cancellation can be achieved by using multiple stages of the cancellation unit. Similarly performance of HIC receiver can also be improved if the PIC part of HIC is made iterative. Computation results imply iterative HIC outperforms iterative PIC compared in terms of computational complexity and error performance and hence will be an optimal choice for MC CDMA reception.
13. An Approach For Synchronization In Carrier Signal With Noise Distortion Using Complex Binary Phase Locked Loop Method
Krishna Chandra Roy [1], Manoj Kumar [2], Ashok Kumar [3]
[1] Department of ECE,MACET, Neora, Patna, Magadh Univ. Bihar, INDIA
[2] Department of EEE,BRCM CET, Bahal (Bhiwani), MDU, Haryana, INDIA
[3] Department of ECE,Asansol Engg. College, Asansol, West Bengal, INDIA
roy.krishna@rediffmail.com [1], mmk5272@gmail.com [2]
Abstract
In this paper Phase estimation and carrier synchronization have been envisaged using complex binary phase locked loop. The same is also studied for a noise corrupted signal. This was found out that complex binary number is well suited for demodulation. The approach has been for complex signal which has carrier signal and information signal whose synchronization is required with noise in the receiver end.
14. A Robust Decoupling Strategy for WLS State Estimation for Power Systems
P. Aravindhababu [1] R. Neela [2]
[1] Professor of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu , India.
[2] Reader in Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu , India.
aravindhababu_18@rediffmail.com[1], nishitha_25@rediffmail.com[2]
Abstract
This paper presents a new decoupling strategy by strengthening and relationships based on line flow and voltage magnitude measurements. The real and reactive set of measurements are combined and modified in order to decouple them into two set of equations without making any assumption on ratios. The resulting jacobian matrices that contain only line parameters are sparse and constant. This strategy is applied on three test systems and solved by WLS techniques to illustrate its performance.
15. A Novel Capacitor Placement Algorithm for Voltage Stability Enhancement in Distribution Systems
G. Mohan [1] P. Aravindhababu [2]
[1] Reader in Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
[2] Professor of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002,
Tamil Nadu , India.
mohang_08@rediffmail.com[1], aravindhababu_18@rediffmail.com[2]
Abstract
Modern distribution systems are operated closer to the voltage stability boundaries due to the ever increasing load demand and are prone to voltage collapse even for a small change in load pattern. Capacitors are commonly used in distribution systems to minimise line losses and improve the voltage profile. A new algorithm for optimal locations and sizing of static and/or switched shunt capacitors, with a view to enhance voltage stability is presented in this paper. Test results on 33 and 69-node distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
16. CAMDADF Technique for Prevention & Detection of Spoofed Attack
SWETA VERMA
Deptt. of CSE , Hindustan Institute of Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA
sweta_verma@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper discusses a mechanisms for defending against IP spoofed packet attacks, as it become one of the major threats to the operation of the Internet today. The scheme is difficult to detect and prevent the most harmful DDoS Attacks. The proposed scheme uses IP address spoofing to distinguish the flow of attack .The scheme is based on a firewall that can distinguish the attack packets (containing spoofed source addresses) from the packets sent by legitimate users, and thus filters out most of the attack packets before they reach the victim. Unlike the other packet marking based solutions, our scheme has a very low deployment cost; It can be estimated that an implementation of this scheme would require the cooperation of only about 20% of the Internet routers in the marking process. The scheme allows the firewall system to configure itself based on the normal traffic of a Web server, so that the occurrence of an attack can be quickly and precisely detected.
17. Digital Image Watermarking: Challenges and Approach For A Robust Algorithm
DEEPTI PRIT KAUR [1], JASPREET KAUR [2], KAMAL DEEP [3]
[1,2,3] ECE, P.T.U. Jalandhar, Punjab, INDIA
deepti.hunjan@gmail.com[1], er_jaspreet_kaur@yahoo.co.in[2], Kamal_deep2k3@yahoo.com [3]
Abstract
This paper presents the challenges for a robust digital image watermarking algorithm. Need for copyright protection in digital media has led to enormous growth in the field of Digital Image Watermarking whereby researchers are striving to come up with new ways of content protection. Recent developments in the field of watermarking though have provided new ways of protecting data yet there are many factors which need to be addressed such that the algorithm of embedding/ extracting a watermark is robust enough to meet these challenges. Robustness can be defined as resilience for a watermark to remain unaffected even when digital content is passed through various processes and attacks and hence increase security, capacity, and imperceptibility of watermarked data. The paper begins with a brief introduction to cryptography and Steganography, which is the platform for a number of digital watermarking concepts. Then, requirements for watermarking systems are discussed along with methods to watermark data efficiently and their strengths and weaknesses. In conclusion there is a new method proposed which uses a concept of nested watermarks using Discrete Wavelet Transform for binary images and Cryptography using Spread Spectrum technique and is supposed to be robust enough to cater to challenges presented here.
18. Computation of Mutual Coupling for Gap-Coupled Circular Patch Antennas Loaded With Shorting Post
PRADEEP KUMAR[1], G. SINGH[2],
[1,2] Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat (Solan) H.P., INDIA
erpradeep_tiet@yahoo.co.in
Astract
In this paper, the numerical computation of mutual coupling between gap-coupled circular microstrip antennas loaded with shorting post has been presented. The cavity model and reaction theorem is used. The mutual admittance between two circular patches is computed and computed results are compared with simulated results. The simulation is performed with Method-of-moments based software (IE3D). The accuracy of prediction is reasonable good.
19. VLSI Implementation & Design of Complex Multiplier for FFT Using ASIC-VLSI
AMRITA RAI [1], MANJEET SINGH [2] DR. S.V.A.V. PRASAD [3] [1] Sr. lecture, ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIA[2] M.Tech.(student), ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIA
[3] Head, ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIAamritaskrai@yahoo.com[1], msghangas@gmail.com[2], svavprasad@limat.org[3]
Abstract
L. NITHYANANDAN [1], P. DANANJAYAN [2]
[1] Department of E.C.E., Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, INDIA.
[2] Department of E.C.E., Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry, INDIA.
nithipec@yahoo.co.in[1], pdananjayan@hotmail.com[2]
Abstract
The existing mobile communication system suffer from problems like frequency selective fading and multi-path signals, multiple access interference due to imperfect non-orthogonal codes and narrow band interference due to coexisting systems. Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) technique can combat these problems efficiently owing to its inherent properties. The objective of this paper is to suggest an optimum receiver for the MC-CDMA system by computing the BER of different receivers. Since multi-user interference degrades the performance of the receiver, interference cancellation technique is to be incorporated in the receiver. As Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) is faster, less efficient and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) scheme is slow but efficient a Hybrid Interference Cancellation (HIC) scheme is arrived at combining the advantages of these two schemes. The hybrid scheme is simple, faster and reliable. The performance of the receiver is studied by comparing with the BER of a detector without interference cancellation. Improvements in performance of parallel interference cancellation can be achieved by using multiple stages of the cancellation unit. Similarly performance of HIC receiver can also be improved if the PIC part of HIC is made iterative. Computation results imply iterative HIC outperforms iterative PIC compared in terms of computational complexity and error performance and hence will be an optimal choice for MC CDMA reception.
13. An Approach For Synchronization In Carrier Signal With Noise Distortion Using Complex Binary Phase Locked Loop Method
Krishna Chandra Roy [1], Manoj Kumar [2], Ashok Kumar [3]
[1] Department of ECE,MACET, Neora, Patna, Magadh Univ. Bihar, INDIA
[2] Department of EEE,BRCM CET, Bahal (Bhiwani), MDU, Haryana, INDIA
[3] Department of ECE,Asansol Engg. College, Asansol, West Bengal, INDIA
roy.krishna@rediffmail.com [1], mmk5272@gmail.com [2]
Abstract
In this paper Phase estimation and carrier synchronization have been envisaged using complex binary phase locked loop. The same is also studied for a noise corrupted signal. This was found out that complex binary number is well suited for demodulation. The approach has been for complex signal which has carrier signal and information signal whose synchronization is required with noise in the receiver end.
14. A Robust Decoupling Strategy for WLS State Estimation for Power Systems
P. Aravindhababu [1] R. Neela [2]
[1] Professor of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu , India.
[2] Reader in Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu , India.
aravindhababu_18@rediffmail.com[1], nishitha_25@rediffmail.com[2]
Abstract
This paper presents a new decoupling strategy by strengthening and relationships based on line flow and voltage magnitude measurements. The real and reactive set of measurements are combined and modified in order to decouple them into two set of equations without making any assumption on ratios. The resulting jacobian matrices that contain only line parameters are sparse and constant. This strategy is applied on three test systems and solved by WLS techniques to illustrate its performance.
15. A Novel Capacitor Placement Algorithm for Voltage Stability Enhancement in Distribution Systems
G. Mohan [1] P. Aravindhababu [2]
[1] Reader in Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar – 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
[2] Professor of Electrical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002,
Tamil Nadu , India.
mohang_08@rediffmail.com[1], aravindhababu_18@rediffmail.com[2]
Abstract
Modern distribution systems are operated closer to the voltage stability boundaries due to the ever increasing load demand and are prone to voltage collapse even for a small change in load pattern. Capacitors are commonly used in distribution systems to minimise line losses and improve the voltage profile. A new algorithm for optimal locations and sizing of static and/or switched shunt capacitors, with a view to enhance voltage stability is presented in this paper. Test results on 33 and 69-node distribution systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
16. CAMDADF Technique for Prevention & Detection of Spoofed Attack
SWETA VERMA
Deptt. of CSE , Hindustan Institute of Technology, Greater Noida, INDIA
sweta_verma@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper discusses a mechanisms for defending against IP spoofed packet attacks, as it become one of the major threats to the operation of the Internet today. The scheme is difficult to detect and prevent the most harmful DDoS Attacks. The proposed scheme uses IP address spoofing to distinguish the flow of attack .The scheme is based on a firewall that can distinguish the attack packets (containing spoofed source addresses) from the packets sent by legitimate users, and thus filters out most of the attack packets before they reach the victim. Unlike the other packet marking based solutions, our scheme has a very low deployment cost; It can be estimated that an implementation of this scheme would require the cooperation of only about 20% of the Internet routers in the marking process. The scheme allows the firewall system to configure itself based on the normal traffic of a Web server, so that the occurrence of an attack can be quickly and precisely detected.
17. Digital Image Watermarking: Challenges and Approach For A Robust Algorithm
DEEPTI PRIT KAUR [1], JASPREET KAUR [2], KAMAL DEEP [3]
[1,2,3] ECE, P.T.U. Jalandhar, Punjab, INDIA
deepti.hunjan@gmail.com[1], er_jaspreet_kaur@yahoo.co.in[2], Kamal_deep2k3@yahoo.com [3]
Abstract
This paper presents the challenges for a robust digital image watermarking algorithm. Need for copyright protection in digital media has led to enormous growth in the field of Digital Image Watermarking whereby researchers are striving to come up with new ways of content protection. Recent developments in the field of watermarking though have provided new ways of protecting data yet there are many factors which need to be addressed such that the algorithm of embedding/ extracting a watermark is robust enough to meet these challenges. Robustness can be defined as resilience for a watermark to remain unaffected even when digital content is passed through various processes and attacks and hence increase security, capacity, and imperceptibility of watermarked data. The paper begins with a brief introduction to cryptography and Steganography, which is the platform for a number of digital watermarking concepts. Then, requirements for watermarking systems are discussed along with methods to watermark data efficiently and their strengths and weaknesses. In conclusion there is a new method proposed which uses a concept of nested watermarks using Discrete Wavelet Transform for binary images and Cryptography using Spread Spectrum technique and is supposed to be robust enough to cater to challenges presented here.
18. Computation of Mutual Coupling for Gap-Coupled Circular Patch Antennas Loaded With Shorting Post
PRADEEP KUMAR[1], G. SINGH[2],
[1,2] Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat (Solan) H.P., INDIA
erpradeep_tiet@yahoo.co.in
Astract
In this paper, the numerical computation of mutual coupling between gap-coupled circular microstrip antennas loaded with shorting post has been presented. The cavity model and reaction theorem is used. The mutual admittance between two circular patches is computed and computed results are compared with simulated results. The simulation is performed with Method-of-moments based software (IE3D). The accuracy of prediction is reasonable good.
19. VLSI Implementation & Design of Complex Multiplier for FFT Using ASIC-VLSI
AMRITA RAI [1], MANJEET SINGH [2] DR. S.V.A.V. PRASAD [3] [1] Sr. lecture, ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIA[2] M.Tech.(student), ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIA
[3] Head, ECE Department, Lingya’s Inst. of Magt. & Tech., Haryana, INDIAamritaskrai@yahoo.com[1], msghangas@gmail.com[2], svavprasad@limat.org[3]
Abstract
A 16-bit Radix 4 FFT requires a complex multiplier, adder and subtractor that can handle signed two’s compliment. The implementation of a complex multiplier uses both the adders and subtractors needed for the FFT. The design of a FFT can be derived from the complex multiplier design. The goal of the device is to have it operate at 100MHz. The complex multiplier must work at 100MHz.Because the design is limited to 40 pins an 8-bit signed two’s compliment complex multiplier is implemented. This implementation also contains an 8-bit complex adder and subtractor. If the operation of the entire system is valid, the operation of the adder and subtractor is also valid. If more pins where available a 4 point FFT could be implemented. This could be done with the components of the complex multiplier.
The schematic is designed first at a logic gate level using design architect (DA). The schematic is simulated to ensure proper functionality. The schematic is used to generate a transistor level layout using schematic driven layout (SDL). The design is checked using a design rule check (DRC) and layout versus schematic (LVS) check. These ensure that the layout rules are followed and that the layout matches the schematic.
20. Analysis of two Routing Protocols of MANET:AODV and DSR
MAHESH KUMAR YADAV [1], DR. C. RAM SINGLA [2], DEEPAK DEMBLA [3]
[1] ECE Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
[2] Director, SRCEM, Palwal, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
[3] CSE Department, CITM, Faridabad, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
mkyadav.mahesh@gmail.com[1],crsnibra1010@gmail.com[2]dembla.deepak@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) is becoming increasingly important in today’s world in which routing protocols are used to discover routes between nodes to facilitate communication. Though many routing protocols have been developed to provide the kind of dynamic behaviour needed for ad hoc networks, each of the protocols exhibit their least desirable beahviour and have some unique characteristics when presented with a highly dynamic interconnection topology. In case, the unique characteristics of them can be combined in one protocol, the MANET can become promising network type in future mobile applications. In this paper, we have done analysis of two of the routing protocols, namely AODV and DSR based on parameters like effects of changing node mobility, bit rates, and pause time on average end to end delay, throughput and control packet overhead.
21. A Genetic Implementation of Stuck-at-fault & Delay fault Identification in Digital Circuits
DHIRAJ SANGWAN [1],RAJESH KUMAR [2] MUKESH KUMAR [3]
[1] Electronics & Communication Engg. Deptt, FET, MITS, Lakshmangarh, INDIA
[2] Electrical Engg.Deptt, MNIT,Jaipur,INDIA
[3] Member IEEE, Electronics Science Deptt, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, INDIA
dhirajsangwan@gmail.com [1], rkumar@mnit.ac.in [2], kumarmukesh@gmail.com [3]
Abstract
In this paper the authors present a genetic algorithm (GA) based approach to find the minimal set of Test vectors to find all the possible stuck at faults and delay faults in a digital circuit. A genetic algorithm has been used which search for minimum number of vector set with high detection capability from a large solution space. The possible number of interconnections and hence the number of faults is having an approximately exponential relationship with the number of primary inputs and circuit nodes. All the faults which have been originated because of process defects or circuit delays which may either lead to permanent connection of circuit nodes to power supply rails or can cause the output to be slowly rising or falling. Such faults must be identified before the chip is fully packaged to prevent the malfunctioning of a system.
22. HCEE: Hierarchical clustered energy efficient protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
DILIP KUMAR [1], R.B PATEL[2]
[1] Design Engineer, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(C-DAC), Mohali, Punjab, INDIA.
[2] Prof. & Head, CSE Deptt., Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Haryana, INDIA.
Email: dilipkant@rediffmail.com, patel_r_b@yahoo.com
Abstract
The schematic is designed first at a logic gate level using design architect (DA). The schematic is simulated to ensure proper functionality. The schematic is used to generate a transistor level layout using schematic driven layout (SDL). The design is checked using a design rule check (DRC) and layout versus schematic (LVS) check. These ensure that the layout rules are followed and that the layout matches the schematic.
20. Analysis of two Routing Protocols of MANET:AODV and DSR
MAHESH KUMAR YADAV [1], DR. C. RAM SINGLA [2], DEEPAK DEMBLA [3]
[1] ECE Department, BRCM CET, Bahal, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
[2] Director, SRCEM, Palwal, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
[3] CSE Department, CITM, Faridabad, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, INDIA
mkyadav.mahesh@gmail.com[1],crsnibra1010@gmail.com[2]dembla.deepak@gmail.com[3]
Abstract
Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) is becoming increasingly important in today’s world in which routing protocols are used to discover routes between nodes to facilitate communication. Though many routing protocols have been developed to provide the kind of dynamic behaviour needed for ad hoc networks, each of the protocols exhibit their least desirable beahviour and have some unique characteristics when presented with a highly dynamic interconnection topology. In case, the unique characteristics of them can be combined in one protocol, the MANET can become promising network type in future mobile applications. In this paper, we have done analysis of two of the routing protocols, namely AODV and DSR based on parameters like effects of changing node mobility, bit rates, and pause time on average end to end delay, throughput and control packet overhead.
21. A Genetic Implementation of Stuck-at-fault & Delay fault Identification in Digital Circuits
DHIRAJ SANGWAN [1],RAJESH KUMAR [2] MUKESH KUMAR [3]
[1] Electronics & Communication Engg. Deptt, FET, MITS, Lakshmangarh, INDIA
[2] Electrical Engg.Deptt, MNIT,Jaipur,INDIA
[3] Member IEEE, Electronics Science Deptt, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, INDIA
dhirajsangwan@gmail.com [1], rkumar@mnit.ac.in [2], kumarmukesh@gmail.com [3]
Abstract
In this paper the authors present a genetic algorithm (GA) based approach to find the minimal set of Test vectors to find all the possible stuck at faults and delay faults in a digital circuit. A genetic algorithm has been used which search for minimum number of vector set with high detection capability from a large solution space. The possible number of interconnections and hence the number of faults is having an approximately exponential relationship with the number of primary inputs and circuit nodes. All the faults which have been originated because of process defects or circuit delays which may either lead to permanent connection of circuit nodes to power supply rails or can cause the output to be slowly rising or falling. Such faults must be identified before the chip is fully packaged to prevent the malfunctioning of a system.
22. HCEE: Hierarchical clustered energy efficient protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
DILIP KUMAR [1], R.B PATEL[2]
[1] Design Engineer, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(C-DAC), Mohali, Punjab, INDIA.
[2] Prof. & Head, CSE Deptt., Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Haryana, INDIA.
Email: dilipkant@rediffmail.com, patel_r_b@yahoo.com
Abstract
A wireless sensor network with a large number of tiny sensor nodes can be used as an effective tool for gathering data in various situations. One of the major issues in is wireless sensor network developing energy–efficient routing protocol which has a significant impact on the overall lifetime of the sensor network. In this paper, we study the impact of heterogeneity of nodes in terms of their energy in wireless sensor networks that are hierarchically clustered. We have assumed that some fraction of the sensor nodes is equipped with the additional energy resources. We also assumed that the sensor nodes are uniformly distributed and are static, the coordinates of the sink and the dimensions of the sensor field are known .Adapting this approach, we have proposed a hierarchical clustered energy efficient (HCEE) protocol for prolonging network lifetime and stability which is crucial for many applications. So, this protocol enhances the system lifetime and stability over the LEACH protocol.
23. Reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Using Pulse Shaping Techniques
V. VIJAYARANGAN1, DR. (MRS) R. SUKANESH2
1 National Engineering College, Kovilpatti – 628 503, TAMILNADU, INDIA
vijayvrangan@yahoo.com
2 Thiyagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai – 625 015, TAMILNADU, INDIA
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing has several properties which makes it as an attractive alternative modulation technique for high speed data transmission. However one major disadvantage of OFDM is that the time domain OFDM signal which is a sum of several sinusoids leads to high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Linear behavior of the system over a large dynamic range is required so that the output High Power Amplifier (HPA) is operated at its maximum efficiency. But due to large PAPR the linear behavior of the system and hence maximum efficiency of HPA is unachievable. One method of reducing PAPR is with the help of pulse shaping waveforms. The Raised Cosine (RC) and Root Raised Cosine (RRC) pulse waveforms are proposed to reduce the PAPR. Simulation results shows that RC and RRC pulses have the potential of reducing PAPR without affecting the bandwidth efficiency and they does not require any side information.
23. Reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Using Pulse Shaping Techniques
V. VIJAYARANGAN1, DR. (MRS) R. SUKANESH2
1 National Engineering College, Kovilpatti – 628 503, TAMILNADU, INDIA
vijayvrangan@yahoo.com
2 Thiyagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai – 625 015, TAMILNADU, INDIA
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing has several properties which makes it as an attractive alternative modulation technique for high speed data transmission. However one major disadvantage of OFDM is that the time domain OFDM signal which is a sum of several sinusoids leads to high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Linear behavior of the system over a large dynamic range is required so that the output High Power Amplifier (HPA) is operated at its maximum efficiency. But due to large PAPR the linear behavior of the system and hence maximum efficiency of HPA is unachievable. One method of reducing PAPR is with the help of pulse shaping waveforms. The Raised Cosine (RC) and Root Raised Cosine (RRC) pulse waveforms are proposed to reduce the PAPR. Simulation results shows that RC and RRC pulses have the potential of reducing PAPR without affecting the bandwidth efficiency and they does not require any side information.